My email response to a leader seems to deserve a place on this blog: The purpose of education is to help people learn. Learning is a natural physiological process of the human brain. Nature, then, defines the rules within which educators (and education policy makers) must play. While it might be convenient for policy makers Read More
Research depends on “facts.” In the vernacular, fact typically means information that is true and accurate; implicit also is the assumption that the fact is objectively defined so that every observer will agree on the both reality of the fact and the meaning of the fact. A more sophisticated view of facts recognizes the role Read More
Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who lived from 1896-1934. He was relatively unknown to educators until the 1960’s and 1970’s when his work was rediscovered and interpreted. (Many believe the difficulty with reading Vygotsky’s work arose from the little editing he did during his end-of-life brain dump during which he recorded as many of Read More
Many animals other than humans live in social groups, and many of those demonstrate complex cooperative behavior, much of which is mediated by communication. In non-human species this communication is described as signal-based. Scientists who conduct field studies of social creatures (and even those who watch television programs about those social creatures) are familiar with Read More
As the school year ended, I was in several situations (including a Saturday morning at the barber shop) in which I overheard many conversations about schools and teachers and students and end of the year activities and summer readings… I stop the list here, but readers can imagine (with a good deal of accuracy I Read More
Cognitive and learning scientist are finding evidence that brains process the information that is stored in memories. The processing allows the learner to find connections and organize the memories. As a result, what one “knows” is not a collection of discrete facts, but it is integrated and one’s knowledge can be used to create new Read More
While it may seem unnecessary to observe “there are many different kinds of learning,” the importance of those differences and the effects that a failure to recognize those differences can have on learning experiences are often overlooked even by experiences teachers. While these types of learning are presented as different, most learning environments are places Read More
Three types of memories are stored so they can be used later. Procedural memories are largely unconscious and are developed through procedural or statistical learning. Episodic memories encode the details of what happened on particular instances. Important, stressful, or traumatic life events are typically stored in episodic memory, but these memories are not reliable. Semantic Read More
Perhaps one of the most important discoveries of cognitive and learning sciences, and one that contradicts a long-held belief, is that the brain is much more adaptive that was previously thought. When I was a student in the 1980’s, it was believed that brains developed through one’s youth, but that developed slowed in adolescence and Read More
2223: The Paradox of Knowledge We all know “things.” What it means to “know” and “things” are all open to debate, but let’s ignore those debates for a moment, and recognize that some people know more than others about topics. Gary has a degree in technology and spends much time using, thinking about, and troubleshooting Read More